摘要：本文著重介紹這兩種數據結構的生成和訪問的基本方法。是一種類似于一維數組的對象，由一組數據一維數組對象和一組與之對應相關的數據標簽索引組成。注當數據未指定索引時，會自動創建整數型索引注通過字典創建，可視為一個定長的有序字典。

Pandas是Python環境下最有名的數據統計包，是基于 Numpy 構建的含有更高級數據結構和工具的數據分析包。Pandas圍繞著 Series 和 DataFrame 兩個核心數據結構展開的。本文著重介紹這兩種數據結構的生成和訪問的基本方法。

Series是一種類似于一維數組的對象，由一組數據（一維ndarray數組對象）和一組與之對應相關的數據標簽（索引）組成。
注：numpy（Numerical Python）提供了python對多維數組對象的支持：ndarray，具有矢量運算能力，快速、節省空間。

（1）Pandas說明文檔中對Series特點介紹如下：

""" One-dimensional ndarray with axis labels (including time series).
Labels need not be unique but must be a hashable type. The object
supports both integer- and label-based indexing and provides a host of
methods for performing operations involving the index. Statistical
methods from ndarray have been overridden to automatically exclude
missing data (currently represented as NaN).
Operations between Series (+, -, /, , *) align values based on their
associated index values-- they need not be the same length. The result
index will be the sorted union of the two indexes.
Parameters
---------- data : array-like, dict, or scalar value
Contains data stored in Series index : array-like or Index (1d)
Values must be hashable and have the same length as `data`.
Non-unique index values are allowed. Will default to
RangeIndex(len(data)) if not provided. If both a dict and index
sequence are used, the index will override the keys found in the
dict. dtype : numpy.dtype or None
If None, dtype will be inferred copy : boolean, default False
Copy input data """

（2）創建Series的基本方法如下，數據可以是陣列（list、ndarray）、字典和常量值。s = pd.Series(data, index=index)

s = pd.Series([-1.55666192,-0.75414753,0.47251231,-1.37775038,-1.64899442], index=["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],dtype="int8" )
a   -1
b    0
c    0
d   -1
e   -1
dtype: int8

s = pd.Series(["a",-0.75414753,123,66666,-1.64899442], index=["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],)
a           a
b   -0.754148
c         123
d       66666
e    -1.64899
dtype: object

注：Series支持的數據類型包括整數、浮點數、復數、布爾值、字符串等numpy.dtype，與創建ndarray數組相同的是，如未指定類型，它會嘗試推斷出一個合適的數據類型，例程中數據包含數字和字符串時，推斷為object類型；如指定int8類型時數據以int8顯示。

s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(5))
0    0.485468
1   -0.912130
2    0.771970
3   -1.058117
4    0.926649
dtype: float64

s.index
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=5, step=1)

s = pd.Series(np.random.randn(5), index=["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
a    0.485468
b   -0.912130
c    0.771970
d   -1.058117
e    0.926649
dtype: float64

注：當數據未指定索引時，Series會自動創建整數型索引

s = pd.Series({"a" : 0., "b" : 1., "c" : 2.})
a    0.0
b    1.0
c    2.0
dtype: float64

s = pd.Series({"a" : 0., "b" : 1., "c" : 2.}, index=["b", "c", "d", "a"])
b    1.0
c    2.0
d    NaN
a    0.0
dtype: float64

注：通過Python字典創建Series，可視為一個定長的有序字典。如果只傳入一個字典，那么Series中的索引即是原字典的鍵。如果傳入索引，那么會找到索引相匹配的值并放在相應的位置上，未找到對應值時結果為NaN。

s = pd.Series(5., index=["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
a    5.0
b    5.0
c    5.0
d    5.0
e    5.0
dtype: float64

注：數值重復匹配以適應索引長度

（3）訪問Series中的元素和索引

s = pd.Series({"a" : 0., "b" : 1., "c" : 2.}, index=["b", "c", "d", "a"])
b    1.0
c    2.0
d    NaN
a    0.0
dtype: float64

s.values
[  1.   2.  nan   0.]

s.index
Index([u"b", u"c", u"d", u"a"], dtype="object")

注：Series的values和index屬性獲取其數組表示形式和索引對象

s["a"]
0.0

s[["a","b"]]
a    0.0
b    1.0
dtype: float64

s[["a","b","c"]]
a    0.0
b    1.0
c    2.0
dtype: float64

s[:2] 
b    1.0
c    2.0
dtype: float64

注：可以通過索引的方式選取Series中的單個或一組值

DataFrame是一個表格型（二維）的數據結構，它含有一組有序的列，每列可以是不同的值類型（數值、字符串、布爾值等）。DataFrame既有行索引也有列索引，它可以看做由Series組成的字典（共用同一個索引）。

（1）Pandas說明文檔中對DataFrame特點介紹如下：

""" Two-dimensional size-mutable, potentially heterogeneous tabular
data structure with labeled axes (rows and columns). Arithmetic
operations align on both row and column labels. Can be thought of as a
dict-like container for Series objects. The primary pandas data
structure
Parameters
---------- data : numpy ndarray (structured or homogeneous), dict, or DataFrame
Dict can contain Series, arrays, constants, or list-like objects index : Index or array-like
Index to use for resulting frame. Will default to np.arange(n) if
no indexing information part of input data and no index provided columns : Index or array-like
Column labels to use for resulting frame. Will default to
np.arange(n) if no column labels are provided dtype : dtype, default None
Data type to force. Only a single dtype is allowed. If None, infer copy : boolean, default False
Copy data from inputs. Only affects DataFrame / 2d ndarray input

（2）創建DataFrame的基本方法如下，數據可以是由列表、一維ndarray或Series組成的字典（序列長度必須相同）、二維ndarray、字典組成的字典等df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=index)

df = pd.DataFrame({"one": [1., 2., 3., 5], "two": [1., 2., 3., 4.]})
   one  two
0  1.0  1.0
1  2.0  2.0
2  3.0  3.0
3  5.0  4.0

注：以列表組成的字典形式創建，每個序列成為DataFrame的一列。不支持單一列表創建df = pd.DataFrame({[1., 2., 3., 5], [1., 2., 3., 4.]})，因為list為unhashable類型

df = pd.DataFrame([[1., 2., 3., 5],[1., 2., 3., 4.]],index=["a", "b"],columns=["one","two","three","four"])
   one  two  three  four
a  1.0  2.0    3.0   5.0
b  1.0  2.0    3.0   4.0

注：以嵌套列表組成形式創建2行4列的表格，通過index和 columns參數指定了索引和列名

data = np.zeros((2,), dtype=[("A", "i4"),("B", "f4"),("C", "a10")])
[(0,  0., "") (0,  0., "")]

注：zeros(shape, dtype=float, order="C")返回一個給定形狀和類型的用0填充的數組

data[:] = [(1,2.,"Hello"), (2,3.,"World")]        
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
   A    B      C
0  1  2.0  Hello
1  2  3.0  World

df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=["first", "second"])
        A    B      C
first   1  2.0  Hello
second  2  3.0  World

df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=["C", "A", "B"])
       C  A    B
0  Hello  1  2.0
1  World  2  3.0

注：同Series相同，未指定索引時DataFrame會自動加上索引，指定列則按指定順序進行排列

data = {"one" : pd.Series([1., 2., 3.], index=["a", "b", "c"]),
        "two" : pd.Series([1., 2., 3., 4.], index=["a", "b", "c", "d"])}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0
c  3.0  3.0
d  NaN  4.0

注：以Series組成的字典形式創建時，每個Series成為一列，如果沒有顯示指定索引，則各Series的索引被合并成結果的行索引。NaN代替缺失的列數據

df = pd.DataFrame(data,index=["d", "b", "a"])
   one  two
d  NaN  4.0
b  2.0  2.0
a  1.0  1.0

df = pd.DataFrame(data,index=["d", "b", "a"], columns=["two", "three"])
   two three
d  4.0   NaN
b  2.0   NaN
a  1.0   NaN

data2 = [{"a": 1, "b": 2}, {"a": 5, "b": 10, "c": 20}]
df = pd.DataFrame(data2)
   a   b     c
0  1   2   NaN
1  5  10  20.0

注：以字典的列表形式創建時，各項成為DataFrame的一行，字典鍵索引的并集成為DataFrame的列標

df = pd.DataFrame(data2, index=["first", "second"])
        a   b     c
first   1   2   NaN
second  5  10  20.0

df = pd.DataFrame(data2, columns=["a", "b"])
   a   b
0  1   2
1  5  10

df = pd.DataFrame({("a", "b"): {("A", "B"): 1, ("A", "C"): 2},
                 ("a", "a"): {("A", "C"): 3, ("A", "B"): 4},
                 ("a", "c"): {("A", "B"): 5, ("A", "C"): 6}, 
                 ("b", "a"): {("A", "C"): 7, ("A", "B"): 8},  
                 ("b", "b"): {("A", "D"): 9, ("A", "B"): 10}})
       a              b
       a    b    c    a     b
A B  4.0  1.0  5.0  8.0  10.0
  C  3.0  2.0  6.0  7.0   NaN
  D  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   9.0

注：以字典的字典形式創建時，列索引由外層的鍵合并成結果的列索引，各內層字典成為一列，內層的鍵會被合并成結果的行索引。

（3）訪問DataFrame中的元素和索引

data = {"one" : pd.Series([1., 2., 3.], index=["a", "b", "c"]),
        "two" : pd.Series([1., 2., 3., 4.], index=["a", "b", "c", "d"])}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0
c  3.0  3.0
d  NaN  4.0

df["one"]或df.one
a    1.0
b    2.0
c    3.0
d    NaN
Name: one, dtype: float64

注：通過類似字典標記的方式或屬性的方式，可以將DataFrame的列獲取為一個Series。返回的Series擁有原DataFrame相同的索引，且其name屬性也被相應設置。

df[0:1]
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0

注：返回前兩列數據

df.loc["a"]
one    1.0
two    1.0
Name: a, dtype: float64

df.loc[:,["one","two"] ]
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0
c  3.0  3.0
d  NaN  4.0

df.loc[["a",],["one","two"]]
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0

df.loc["a","one"]
1.0

注：loc是通過標簽來選擇數據

df.iloc[0:2,0:1]  
   one
a  1.0
b  2.0

df.iloc[0:2]  
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0

df.iloc[[0,2],[0,1]]#自由選取行位置，和列位置對應的數據
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
c  3.0  3.0

注：iloc通過位置來選擇數據

df.ix["a"]
one    1.0
two    1.0
Name: a, dtype: float64

df.ix["a",["one","two"]]
one    1.0
two    1.0
Name: a, dtype: float64

df.ix["a",[0,1]]
one    1.0
two    1.0
Name: a, dtype: float64

df.ix[["a","b"],[0,1]]
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0

df.ix[1,[0,1]]
one    2.0
two    2.0
Name: b, dtype: float64

df.ix[[0,1],[0,1]]
   one  two
a  1.0  1.0
b  2.0  2.0

注：通過索引字段ix和名稱結合的方式獲取行數據

df.ix[df.one>1,:1]
   one
b  2.0
c  3.0

注：使用條件來選擇，選取one列中大于1的行和第一列

df["one"]=16.8
    one  two
a  16.8  1.0
b  16.8  2.0
c  16.8  3.0
d  16.8  4.0

val = pd.Series([2,2,2],index=["b", "c", "d"])
df["one"]=val
   one  two
a  NaN  1.0
b  2.0  2.0
c  2.0  3.0
d  2.0  4.0

注：列可以通過賦值方式修改，將列表或數組賦值給某個列時長度必須和DataFrame的長度相匹配。Series賦值時會精確匹配DataFrame的索引，空位以NaN填充。

df["four"]=[3,3,3,3]
   one  two  four
a  NaN  1.0     3
b  2.0  2.0     3
c  2.0  3.0     3
d  2.0  4.0     3

注：對不存在的列賦值會創建新列

df.index.get_loc("a")
0

df.index.get_loc("b")
1

df.columns.get_loc("one")
0

注：通過行/列索引獲取整數形式位置

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