摘要：它首先被程序語言的設計領域所采用并在和面向對象方面取得了成績。面向對象中的反射通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性。注構造方法的執行是由創建對象觸發的，即對象類名而對于方法的執行是由對象后加括號觸發的，即對象或者類執行執行邏輯題

1.isinstance(obj,cls)檢查是否obj是否是類 cls 的對象

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo:
    pass
obj = Foo()
print(isinstance(obj,Foo))

2.issubclass(cls,cls)檢查Bar是否是Foo的派生類

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo(object):
    pass
class Bar(Foo):
    pass

print(issubclass(Bar,Foo))

1.反射：
反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程序可以訪問、檢測和修改它本身狀態或行為的一種能力（自省）。這一概念的提出很快引發了計算機科學領域關于應用反射性的研究。它首先被程序語言的設計領域所采用,并在Lisp和面向對象方面取得了成績。
2.python面向對象中的反射：通過字符串的形式操作對象相關的屬性。python中的一切事物都是對象（都可以使用反射）四個可以實現反射的函數：

def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    """
    Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
    
    This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
    """
    pass

hasattr

def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
    
    setattr(x, "y", v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v""
    """
    pass

setattr

def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    """
    Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
    
    delattr(x, "y") is equivalent to ``del x.y""
    """
    pass

delattr

應用：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo:
    f = "類的靜態變量"
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def say_hi(self):
        print("hi,%s"%self.name)

obj=Foo("egon",73)
#1.檢查是否含有某屬性
print(hasattr(obj,"name")) #有該屬性返回True
print(hasattr(obj,"six"))  #無該屬性返回False
#2.獲取該屬性
n = getattr(obj,"name")
print(n)
func = getattr(obj,"say_hi")
func()
#3.設置屬性
setattr(obj,"sb",True)
setattr(obj,"show_name",lambda self:self.name+"sb")
print(obj.__dict__) #{"name": "egon", "age": 73, "sb": True, "show_name":  at 0x0020C660>}
print(obj.show_name(obj)) #egonsb
#4.刪除屬性
delattr(obj,"age")
delattr(obj,"show_name")
delattr(obj,"show_name111")#不存在,則報錯
print(obj.__dict__)

類也是一種屬性

class Foo(object):
    staticField = "old boy"

    def __init__(self):
        self.name = "wupeiqi"

    def func(self):
        return "func"

    @staticmethod
    def bar():
        return "bar"

print(getattr(Foo,"staticField"))
print(getattr(Foo,"func"))
print(getattr(Foo,"bar"))

模塊：

import sys
def s1():
    print("s1")
def s2():
    print("s2")
this_module = sys.modules[__name__]

print(hasattr(this_module, "s1")) #True
print(getattr(this_module, "s2")) #

改變對象的字符串顯示__str__,__repr__
自定制格式化字符串__format__

format_dict={
    "nat":"{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}",#學校名-學校地址-學校類型
    "tna":"{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}",#學校類型:學校名:學校地址
    "tan":"{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}",#學校類型/學校地址/學校名
}
class School:
    def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
        self.name=name
        self.addr=addr
        self.type=type

    def __repr__(self):
        return "School(%s,%s)" %(self.name,self.addr)
    def __str__(self):
        return "(%s,%s)" %(self.name,self.addr)

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # if format_spec
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec="nat"
        fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(obj=self)

s1=School("oldboy1","北京","私立")
print("from repr: ",repr(s1))
print("from str: ",str(s1))
print(s1)

"""
str函數或者print函數--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解釋器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__沒有被定義,那么就會使用__repr__來代替輸出
注意:這倆方法的返回值必須是字符串,否則拋出異常
"""
print(format(s1,"nat"))
print(format(s1,"tna"))
print(format(s1,"tan"))
print(format(s1,"asfdasdffd"))
打印結果：
from repr:  School(oldboy1,北京)
from str:  (oldboy1,北京)
(oldboy1,北京)
oldboy1-北京-私立
私立:oldboy1:北京
私立/北京/oldboy1
oldboy1-北京-私立

%s和%r的區別

class B:

    def __str__(self):
        return "str : class B"

    def __repr__(self):
        return "repr : class B"
b = B()
print("%s" % b)
print("%r" % b)
#打印結果為：
str : class B
repr : class B

__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__

class Foo:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name=name

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        print(self.__dict__[item])

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        self.__dict__[key]=value
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        print("del obj[key]時,我執行")
        self.__dict__.pop(key)
    def __delattr__(self, item):
        print("del obj.key時,我執行")
        self.__dict__.pop(item)

f1=Foo("sb")
f1["age"]=18
f1["age1"]=19
del f1.age1
del f1["age"]
f1["name"]="alex"
print(f1.__dict__)

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1
        print("in init function")
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print("in new function")
        return object.__new__(A, *args, **kwargs)

a = A()
print(a.x)

class Singleton:
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()

two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is檢測
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)

單例模式

對象后面加括號，觸發執行。
注：構造方法的執行是由創建對象觸發的，即：對象 = 類名() ；而對于 call 方法的執行是由對象后加括號觸發的，即：對象() 或者 類()()

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        pass
    
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        print("__call__")


obj = Foo() # 執行 __init__
obj()       # 執行 __call__

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1
        self.b = 2

    def __eq__(self,obj):
        if  self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
            return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)

邏輯題：
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name+self.sex)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True


p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
    p_lst.append(Person("egon",i,"male"))
#
# print(p_lst)
obj = list(set(p_lst))[0]
print(obj.name,obj.age,obj.sex)