JS之?dāng)?shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)與算法 (5)

wangtdgoodluck 發(fā)布于2019-08-23 16:48 / 534人閱讀

摘要：序列文章面試之函數(shù)面試之對象面試之?dāng)?shù)組的幾個不操作面試之對比分析前言數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是計算機(jī)存儲組織數(shù)據(jù)的方式算法是系統(tǒng)描述解決問題的策略。了解基本的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和算法可以提高代碼的性能和質(zhì)量。

序列文章

JS面試之函數(shù)(1)
JS面試之對象(2)
JS面試之?dāng)?shù)組的幾個不low操作(3)
JS面試之http0.9~3.0對比分析(4)

前言

數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)是計算機(jī)存儲、組織數(shù)據(jù)的方式,算法是系統(tǒng)描述解決問題的策略。了解基本的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和算法可以提高代碼的性能和質(zhì)量。
也是程序猿進(jìn)階的一個重要技能。
手?jǐn)]代碼實現(xiàn)棧,隊列,鏈表,字典,二叉樹,動態(tài)規(guī)劃和貪心算法

1.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)篇 1.1 棧

棧的特點：先進(jìn)后出

class Stack {
    constructor() {
      this.items = [];
    }

    // 入棧
    push(element) {
      this.items.push(element);
    }

    // 出棧
    pop() {
      return this.items.pop();
    }

    // 末位
    get peek() {
      return this.items[this.items.length - 1];
    }

    // 是否為空棧
    get isEmpty() {
      return !this.items.length;
    }

    // 長度
    get size() {
      return this.items.length;
    }

    // 清空棧
    clear() {
      this.items = [];
    }
  }

  // 實例化一個棧
  const stack = new Stack();
  console.log(stack.isEmpty); // true

  // 添加元素
  stack.push(5);
  stack.push(8);

  // 讀取屬性再添加
  console.log(stack.peek); // 8
  stack.push(11);
  console.log(stack.size); // 3
  console.log(stack.isEmpty); // false

1.2 隊列

隊列：先進(jìn)先出

  class Queue {
    constructor(items) {
      this.items = items || [];
    }

    enqueue(element) {
      this.items.push(element);
    }

    dequeue() {
      return this.items.shift();
    }

    front() {
      return this.items[0];
    }

    clear() {
      this.items = [];
    }

    get size() {
      return this.items.length;
    }

    get isEmpty() {
      return !this.items.length;
    }

    print() {
      console.log(this.items.toString());
    }
  }

  const queue = new Queue();
  console.log(queue.isEmpty); // true

  queue.enqueue("John");
  queue.enqueue("Jack");
  queue.enqueue("Camila");
  console.log(queue.size); // 3
  console.log(queue.isEmpty); // false
  queue.dequeue();
  queue.dequeue();

1.3 鏈表

鏈表:存貯有序元素的集合,
但是不同于數(shù)組,每個元素是一個存貯元素本身的節(jié)點和指向下一個元素引用組成
要想訪問鏈表中間的元素,需要從起點開始遍歷找到所需元素

    
class Node {
    constructor(element) {
      this.element = element;
      this.next = null;
    }
  }

  // 鏈表
  class LinkedList {
    constructor() {
      this.head = null;
      this.length = 0;
    }

    // 追加元素
    append(element) {
      const node = new Node(element);
      let current = null;
      if (this.head === null) {
        this.head = node;
      } else {
        current = this.head;
        while (current.next) {
          current = current.next;
        }
        current.next = node;
      }
      this.length++;
    }

    // 任意位置插入元素
    insert(position, element) {
      if (position >= 0 && position <= this.length) {
        const node = new Node(element);
        let current = this.head;
        let previous = null;
        let index = 0;
        if (position === 0) {
          this.head = node;
        } else {
          while (index++ < position) {
            previous = current;
            current = current.next;
          }
          node.next = current;
          previous.next = node;
        }
        this.length++;
        return true;
      }
      return false;
    }

    // 移除指定位置元素
    removeAt(position) {
      // 檢查越界值
      if (position > -1 && position < length) {
        let current = this.head;
        let previous = null;
        let index = 0;
        if (position === 0) {
          this.head = current.next;
        } else {
          while (index++ < position) {
            previous = current;
            current = current.next;
          }
          previous.next = current.next;
        }
        this.length--;
        return current.element;
      }
      return null;
    }

    // 尋找元素下標(biāo)
    findIndex(element) {
      let current = this.head;
      let index = -1;
      while (current) {
        if (element === current.element) {
          return index + 1;
        }
        index++;
        current = current.next;
      }
      return -1;
    }

    // 刪除指定文檔
    remove(element) {
      const index = this.indexOf(element);
      return this.removeAt(index);
    }

    isEmpty() {
      return !this.length;
    }

    size() {
      return this.length;
    }

    // 轉(zhuǎn)為字符串
    toString() {
      let current = this.head;
      let string = "";
      while (current) {
        string += ` ${current.element}`;
        current = current.next;
      }
      return string;
    }
  }
  const linkedList = new LinkedList();

  console.log(linkedList);
  linkedList.append(2);
  linkedList.append(6);
  linkedList.append(24);
  linkedList.append(152);

  linkedList.insert(3, 18);
  console.log(linkedList);
  console.log(linkedList.findIndex(24));

1.4 字典

字典：類似對象，以key，value存貯值

class Dictionary {
    constructor() {
      this.items = {};
    }

    set(key, value) {
      this.items[key] = value;
    }

    get(key) {
      return this.items[key];
    }

    remove(key) {
      delete this.items[key];
    }

    get keys() {
      return Object.keys(this.items);
    }

    get values() {
      /*
    也可以使用ES7中的values方法
    return Object.values(this.items)
    */

      // 在這里我們通過循環(huán)生成一個數(shù)組并輸出
      return Object.keys(this.items).reduce((r, c, i) => {
        r.push(this.items[c]);
        return r;
      }, []);
    }
  }
  const dictionary = new Dictionary();
  dictionary.set("Gandalf", "gandalf@email.com");
  dictionary.set("John", "johnsnow@email.com");
  dictionary.set("Tyrion", "tyrion@email.com");

  console.log(dictionary);
  console.log(dictionary.keys);
  console.log(dictionary.values);
  console.log(dictionary.items);

1.5 二叉樹

特點：每個節(jié)點最多有兩個子樹的樹結(jié)構(gòu)

class NodeTree {
    constructor(key) {
      this.key = key;
      this.left = null;
      this.right = null;
    }
  }

  class BinarySearchTree {
    constructor() {
      this.root = null;
    }

    insert(key) {
      const newNode = new NodeTree(key);
      const insertNode = (node, newNode) => {
        if (newNode.key < node.key) {
          if (node.left === null) {
            node.left = newNode;
          } else {
            insertNode(node.left, newNode);
          }
        } else {
          if (node.right === null) {
            node.right = newNode;
          } else {
            insertNode(node.right, newNode);
          }
        }
      };
      if (!this.root) {
        this.root = newNode;
      } else {
        insertNode(this.root, newNode);
      }
    }

    //訪問樹節(jié)點的三種方式:中序,先序,后序
    inOrderTraverse(callback) {
      const inOrderTraverseNode = (node, callback) => {
        if (node !== null) {
          inOrderTraverseNode(node.left, callback);
          callback(node.key);
          inOrderTraverseNode(node.right, callback);
        }
      };
      inOrderTraverseNode(this.root, callback);
    }

    min(node) {
      const minNode = node => {
        return node ? (node.left ? minNode(node.left) : node) : null;
      };
      return minNode(node || this.root);
    }

    max(node) {
      const maxNode = node => {
        return node ? (node.right ? maxNode(node.right) : node) : null;
      };
      return maxNode(node || this.root);
    }
  }
  const tree = new BinarySearchTree();
  tree.insert(11);
  tree.insert(7);
  tree.insert(5);
  tree.insert(3);
  tree.insert(9);
  tree.insert(8);
  tree.insert(10);
  tree.insert(13);
  tree.insert(12);
  tree.insert(14);
  tree.inOrderTraverse(value => {
    console.log(value);
  });

  console.log(tree.min());
  console.log(tree.max());

2.算法篇 2.1 冒泡算法

冒泡排序，選擇排序，插入排序，此處不做贅述，請戳排序

2.2 斐波那契

特點：第三項等于前面兩項之和

function fibonacci(num) { 
    if (num === 1 || num === 2) { 
        return 1
    }
    return fibonacci(num - 1) + fibonacci(num - 2)
  }

2.3 動態(tài)規(guī)劃

特點：通過全局規(guī)劃,將大問題分割成小問題來取最優(yōu)解
案例：最少硬幣找零
美國有以下面額(硬幣）：d1=1, d2=5, d3=10, d4=25
如果要找36美分的零錢，我們可以用1個25美分、1個10美分和1個便士（ 1美分)

class MinCoinChange {

constructor(coins) {
    this.coins = coins
    this.cache = {}
}

makeChange(amount) {
    if (!amount) return []
    if (this.cache[amount]) return this.cache[amount]
    let min = [], newMin, newAmount
    this.coins.forEach(coin => {
        newAmount = amount - coin
        if (newAmount >= 0) {
            newMin = this.makeChange(newAmount)
        }
        if (newAmount >= 0 && 
             (newMin.length < min.length - 1 || !min.length) && 
             (newMin.length || !newAmount)) {
            min = [coin].concat(newMin)
        }
    })
    return (this.cache[amount] = min)
}
}

const rninCoinChange = new MinCoinChange([1, 5, 10, 25])
console.log(rninCoinChange.makeChange(36))
// [1, 10, 25]
const minCoinChange2 = new MinCoinChange([1, 3, 4])
console.log(minCoinChange2.makeChange(6))
// [3, 3]

2.4 貪心算法

特點：通過最優(yōu)解來解決問題
用貪心算法來解決2.3中的案例

class MinCoinChange2 {

constructor(coins) {
    this.coins = coins
}

makeChange(amount) {
    const change = []
    let total = 0
    this.coins.sort((a, b) => a < b).forEach(coin => {
        if ((total + coin) <= amount) {
            change.push(coin)
            total += coin
        }
    })
    return change
}
}
const rninCoinChange2 = new MinCoinChange2 ( [ 1, 5, 10, 25])
console.log (rninCoinChange2. makeChange (36))