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Android異步消息機(jī)制

王晗 / 2959人閱讀

摘要:在子線程中發(fā)送消息,主線程接受到消息并且處理邏輯。也稱之為消息隊列,特點是先進(jìn)先出,底層實現(xiàn)是單鏈表數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)得出結(jié)論方法初始話了一個對象并關(guān)聯(lián)在一個對象,并且一個線程中只有一個對象,只有一個對象。

目錄介紹

1.Handler的常見的使用方式

2.如何在子線程中定義Handler

3.主線程如何自動調(diào)用Looper.prepare()

4.Looper.prepare()方法源碼分析

5.Looper中用什么存儲消息

6.Handler發(fā)送消息如何運作

7.Looper.loop()方法源碼分析

8.runOnUiThread如何實現(xiàn)子線程更新UI

9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法

10.得出部分結(jié)論

好消息

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00.Android異步消息機(jī)制

如何在子線程中定義Handler,主線程如何自動調(diào)用Looper.prepare(),Looper.prepare()方法源碼分析,Looper中用什么存儲消息,Looper.loop()方法源碼分析,runOnUiThread如何實現(xiàn)子線程更新UI等等

01.Handler消息機(jī)制

為什么不允許在子線程中訪問UI,Handler消息機(jī)制作用,避免子線程手動創(chuàng)建looper,ActivityThread源碼分析,ActivityThread源碼分析,Looper死循環(huán)為什么不會導(dǎo)致應(yīng)用卡死,會消耗大量資源嗎?

1.Handler的常見的使用方式

handler機(jī)制大家都比較熟悉呢。在子線程中發(fā)送消息,主線程接受到消息并且處理邏輯。如下所示

一般handler的使用方式都是在主線程中定義Handler,然后在子線程中調(diào)用mHandler.sendXx()方法,這里有一個疑問可以在子線程中定義Handler嗎?

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView tv ;

    /**
     * 在主線程中定義Handler,并實現(xiàn)對應(yīng)的handleMessage方法
     */
    public static Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.what == 101) {
                Log.i("MainActivity", "接收到handler消息...");
            }
        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
        tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                new Thread() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        // 在子線程中發(fā)送異步消息
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
                    }
                }.start();
            }
        });
    }
}

2.如何在子線程中定義Handler

直接在子線程中創(chuàng)建handler,看看會出現(xiàn)什么情況?

運行后可以得出在子線程中定義Handler對象出錯,難道Handler對象的定義或者是初始化只能在主線程中?其實不是這樣的,錯誤信息中提示的已經(jīng)很明顯了,在初始化Handler對象之前需要調(diào)用Looper.prepare()方法

tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        if (msg.what == 1) {
                            Log.i(TAG, "在子線程中定義Handler,接收并處理消息");
                        }
                    }
                };
            }
        }.start();
    }
});

如何正確運行。在這里問一個問題,在子線程中可以吐司嗎?答案是可以的,只不過又條件,詳細(xì)可以看這篇文章02.Toast源碼深度分析

這樣程序已經(jīng)不會報錯,那么這說明初始化Handler對象的時候我們是需要調(diào)用Looper.prepare()的,那么主線程中為什么可以直接初始化Handler呢?難道是主線程創(chuàng)建handler對象的時候,會自動調(diào)用Looper.prepare()方法的嗎?

tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Looper.prepare();
                Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        if (msg.what == 1) {
                            Log.i(TAG, "在子線程中定義Handler,接收并處理消息");
                        }
                    }
                };
                Looper.loop();
            }
        }.start();
    }
});
3.主線程如何自動調(diào)用Looper.prepare()

首先直接可以看在App初始化的時候會執(zhí)行ActivityThread的main方法中的代碼,如下所示

可以看到Looper.prepare()方法在這里調(diào)用,所以在主線程中可以直接初始化Handler了。

public static void main(String[] args) {
    //省略部分代碼
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false);
    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }
    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }
    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

并且可以看到還調(diào)用了:Looper.loop()方法,可以知道一個Handler的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫法其實是這樣的

Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
      if (msg.what == 101) {
         Log.i(TAG, "在子線程中定義Handler,并接收到消息");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

4.Looper.prepare()方法源碼分析

源碼如下所示

可以看到Looper中有一個ThreadLocal成員變量,熟悉JDK的同學(xué)應(yīng)該知道,當(dāng)使用ThreadLocal維護(hù)變量時,ThreadLocal為每個使用該變量的線程提供獨立的變量副本,所以每一個線程都可以獨立地改變自己的副本,而不會影響其它線程所對應(yīng)的副本。

public static void prepare() {
    prepare(true);
}

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

思考:Looper.prepare()能否調(diào)用兩次或者多次

如果運行,則會報錯,并提示prepare中的Excetion信息。由此可以得出在每個線程中Looper.prepare()能且只能調(diào)用一次

//這里L(fēng)ooper.prepare()方法調(diào)用了兩次
Looper.prepare();
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
       if (msg.what == 1) {
          Log.i(TAG, "在子線程中定義Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

5.Looper中用什么存儲消息

先看一下下面得源代碼

看Looper對象的構(gòu)造方法,可以看到在其構(gòu)造方法中初始化了一個MessageQueue對象。MessageQueue也稱之為消息隊列,特點是先進(jìn)先出,底層實現(xiàn)是單鏈表數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
    mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

得出結(jié)論

Looper.prepare()方法初始話了一個Looper對象并關(guān)聯(lián)在一個MessageQueue對象,并且一個線程中只有一個Looper對象,只有一個MessageQueue對象。

6.Handler發(fā)送消息如何運作

首先看看構(gòu)造方法

可以看出在Handler的構(gòu)造方法中,主要初始化了一下變量,并判斷Handler對象的初始化不應(yīng)再內(nèi)部類,靜態(tài)類,匿名類中,并且保存了當(dāng)前線程中的Looper對象。

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
    if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
        final Class klass = getClass();
        if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
            Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                klass.getCanonicalName());
        }
    }

    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
    if (mLooper == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can"t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}

看handler.sendMessage(msg)方法

關(guān)于下面得源碼,是步步追蹤,看enqueueMessage這個方法,原來msg.target就是Handler對象本身;而這里的queue對象就是我們的Handler內(nèi)部維護(hù)的Looper對象關(guān)聯(lián)的MessageQueue對象。

handler.sendMessage(message);

//追蹤到這一步
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}


public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    msg.target = this;
    if (mAsynchronous) {
        msg.setAsynchronous(true);
    }
    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

看MessageQueue對象的enqueueMessage方法

看到這里MessageQueue并沒有使用列表將所有的Message保存起來,而是使用Message.next保存下一個Message,從而按照時間將所有的Message排序

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }
    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
            msg.recycle();
            return false;
        }

        msg.markInUse();
        msg.when = when;
        Message p = mMessages;
        boolean needWake;
        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
            // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
            msg.next = p;
            mMessages = msg;
            needWake = mBlocked;
        } else {
            // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don"t have to wake
            // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
            // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
            Message prev;
            for (;;) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
                if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                    break;
                }
                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                    needWake = false;
                }
            }
            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
            prev.next = msg;
        }

        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

7.Looper.loop()方法源碼分析

看看里面得源碼,如下所示

看到Looper.loop()方法里起了一個死循環(huán),不斷的判斷MessageQueue中的消息是否為空,如果為空則直接return掉,然后執(zhí)行queue.next()方法

public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn"t called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    for (;;) {
        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }
        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }
        final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
        final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        final long end;
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        } finally {
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }
        if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
            final long time = end - start;
            if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                        + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                        msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
            }
        }
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }
        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn"t corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }
        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}

看queue.next()方法源碼

大概的實現(xiàn)邏輯就是Message的出棧操作,里面可能對線程,并發(fā)控制做了一些限制等。獲取到棧頂?shù)腗essage對象之后開始執(zhí)行:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)

Message next() {
    // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
    // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
    // which is not supported.
    final long ptr = mPtr;
    if (ptr == 0) {
        return null;
    }

    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }

        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

        synchronized (this) {
            // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {
                    // Got a message.
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;
                }
            } else {
                // No more messages.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }

            // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
            if (mQuitting) {
                dispose();
                return null;
            }

            // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
            // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
            // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                    && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
            }
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                mBlocked = true;
                continue;
            }

            if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
            }
            mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
        }

        // Run the idle handlers.
        // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
        for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
            final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
            mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

            boolean keep = false;
            try {
                keep = idler.queueIdle();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
            }

            if (!keep) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                }
            }
        }

        // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
        pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

        // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
        // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
        nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    }
}

那么msg.target是什么呢?通過追蹤可以知道就是定義的Handler對象,然后查看一下Handler類的dispatchMessage方法:

可以看到,如果我們設(shè)置了callback(Runnable對象)的話,則會直接調(diào)用handleCallback方法

在初始化Handler的時候設(shè)置了callback(Runnable)對象,則直接調(diào)用run方法。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    if (msg.callback != null) {
        handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
        if (mCallback != null) {
            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
    message.callback.run();
}

8.runOnUiThread如何實現(xiàn)子線程更新UI

看看源碼,如下所示

如果msg.callback為空的話,會直接調(diào)用我們的mCallback.handleMessage(msg),即handler的handlerMessage方法。由于Handler對象是在主線程中創(chuàng)建的,所以handler的handlerMessage方法的執(zhí)行也會在主線程中。

在runOnUiThread程序首先會判斷當(dāng)前線程是否是UI線程,如果是就直接運行,如果不是則post,這時其實質(zhì)還是使用的Handler機(jī)制來處理線程與UI通訊。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    if (msg.callback != null) {
        handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
        if (mCallback != null) {
            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

@Override
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
    if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
        mHandler.post(action);
    } else {
        action.run();
    }
}

9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法

Handler的post方法實現(xiàn)很簡單,如下所示

mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {

    }
});

public final boolean post(Runnable r){
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}

view的post方法也很簡單,如下所示

可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其調(diào)用的就是activity中默認(rèn)保存的handler對象的post方法

public boolean post(Runnable action) {
    final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
    if (attachInfo != null) {
        return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
    }
    ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
    return true;
}

public void post(Runnable action) {
    postDelayed(action, 0);
}

public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
    final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mActions == null) {
            mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
        }
        mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
        mCount++;
    }
}

10.得出部分結(jié)論

得出得結(jié)論如下所示

1.主線程中定義Handler對象,ActivityThread的main方法中會自動創(chuàng)建一個looper,并且與其綁定。如果是子線程中直接創(chuàng)建handler對象,則需要手動創(chuàng)建looper。不過手動創(chuàng)建不太友好,需要手動調(diào)用quit方法結(jié)束looper。這個后面再說

2.一個線程中只存在一個Looper對象,只存在一個MessageQueue對象,可以存在N個Handler對象,Handler對象內(nèi)部關(guān)聯(lián)了本線程中唯一的Looper對象,Looper對象內(nèi)部關(guān)聯(lián)著唯一的一個MessageQueue對象。

3.MessageQueue消息隊列不是通過列表保存消息(Message)列表的,而是通過Message對象的next屬性關(guān)聯(lián)下一個Message從而實現(xiàn)列表的功能,同時所有的消息都是按時間排序的。

關(guān)于其他內(nèi)容介紹 01.關(guān)于博客匯總鏈接

1.技術(shù)博客匯總

2.開源項目匯總

3.生活博客匯總

4.喜馬拉雅音頻匯總

5.其他匯總

02.關(guān)于我的博客

我的個人站點:www.yczbj.org,www.ycbjie.cn

github:https://github.com/yangchong211

知乎:https://www.zhihu.com/people/...

簡書:http://www.jianshu.com/u/b7b2...

csdn:http://my.csdn.net/m0_37700275

喜馬拉雅聽書:http://www.ximalaya.com/zhubo...

開源中國:https://my.oschina.net/zbj161...

泡在網(wǎng)上的日子:http://www.jcodecraeer.com/me...

郵箱:yangchong211@163.com

阿里云博客:https://yq.aliyun.com/users/a... 239.headeruserinfo.3.dT4bcV

segmentfault頭條:https://segmentfault.com/u/xi...

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