摘要：已獲原作者授權原系列地址游戲本章我們演示一個進階例子我們用編寫了游戲這個游戲也被稱作或者或者是一個古老的益智解謎游戲由兩名玩家參與早在世紀人們就在用鉛筆和紙來玩這個游戲了在年發明的游戲正是受到這個游戲的啟發和在基本理念上是一樣的但被盒裝出售

已獲原作者授權. 原系列地址: Python Tkinter

本章我們演示一個進階例子. 我們用 Tkinter 編寫了 "Bulls and Cows" 游戲. 這個游戲也被稱作 "Cows and Bulls" 或者 "Pigs and Bulls" 或者 "Bulls and Cleots", 是一個古老的益智解謎游戲, 由兩名玩家參與. 早在19世紀, 人們就在用鉛筆和紙來玩這個游戲了. Mordecai Meirowitz 在 1970 年發明的 Mastermind 游戲正是受到這個游戲的啟發. Mastermind 和 Bulls and Cows 在基本理念上是一樣的, 但 Mastermind 被盒裝出售, 其中還包含了一個解謎棋盤和一些標記解謎和反饋的標簽. Mastermind 使用顏色作為謎題信息, 而 Bulls and Cows 則是用數字做謎題信息.
這個游戲的算法在我們的 Python 進階教程中的 "Mastermind / Bulls and Cows" 一文內有詳細闡釋.

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.messagebox import *
import random

from combinatorics import all_colours

def inconsistent(p, guesses):
   """ the function checks, if a permutation p, i.e. a list of 
colours like p = ["pink", "yellow", "green", "red"] is consistent
with the previous colours. Each previous colour permuation guess[0]
compared (check()) with p has to return the same amount of blacks 
(rightly positioned colours) and whites (right colour at wrong 
position) as the corresponding evaluation (guess[1] in the 
list guesses) """
   for guess in guesses:
      res = check(guess[0], p)
      (rightly_positioned, permutated) = guess[1]
      if res != [rightly_positioned, permutated]:
         return True # inconsistent
   return False # i.e. consistent

def answer_ok(a):
   """ checking of an evaulation given by the human player makes 
sense. 3 blacks and 1 white make no sense for example. """
   (rightly_positioned, permutated) = a
   if (rightly_positioned + permutated > number_of_positions) 
       or (rightly_positioned + permutated < len(colours) - number_of_positions):
      return False
   if rightly_positioned == 3 and permutated == 1:
      return False
   return True

def get_evaluation():
   """ get evaluation from entry fields """
   rightly_positioned = int(entryWidget_both.get())
   permutated = int(entryWidget_only_colours.get())
   return (rightly_positioned, permutated)

def new_evaluation(current_colour_choices):
   """ This funtion gets an evaluation of the current guess, checks 
the consistency of this evaluation, adds the guess together with
the evaluation to the list of guesses, shows the previous guesses 
and creates a ne guess """
   rightly_positioned, permutated = get_evaluation()
   if rightly_positioned == number_of_positions:
      return(current_colour_choices, (rightly_positioned, permutated))
    
   if not answer_ok((rightly_positioned, permutated)):
      print("Input Error: Sorry, the input makes no sense")
      return(current_colour_choices, (-1, permutated))
   guesses.append((current_colour_choices, (rightly_positioned, permutated)))
   view_guesses()
    
   current_colour_choices = create_new_guess() 
   show_current_guess(current_colour_choices)
   if not current_colour_choices:
      return(current_colour_choices, (-1, permutated))
   return(current_colour_choices, (rightly_positioned, permutated))


def check(p1, p2):
   """ check() calcualtes the number of bulls (blacks) and cows (whites)
of two permutations """
   blacks = 0
   whites = 0
   for i in range(len(p1)):
      if p1[i] == p2[i]:
          blacks += 1
      else:
         if p1[i] in p2:
             whites += 1
   return [blacks, whites] 

def create_new_guess():
   """ a new guess is created, which is consistent to the 
previous guesses """
   next_choice = next(permutation_iterator) 
   while inconsistent(next_choice, guesses):
      try:
         next_choice = next(permutation_iterator)
      except StopIteration:
         print("Error: Your answers were inconsistent!")
         return ()
   return next_choice


def new_evaluation_tk():
   global current_colour_choices
   res = new_evaluation(current_colour_choices)
   current_colour_choices = res[0]

def show_current_guess(new_guess):
    row = 1 
    Label(root, text="   New Guess:   ").grid(row=row, 
                                       column=0, 
                                       columnspan=4)
    row +=1
    col_count = 0
    for c in new_guess:
         print(c)
         l = Label(root, text="    ", bg=c)
         l.grid(row=row,column=col_count,  sticky=W, padx=2)
         col_count += 1

def view_guesses():
    row = 3
    Label(root, text="Old Guesses").grid(row=row, 
                                         column=0, 
                                         columnspan=4)
    Label(root, text="c&p").grid(row=row, 
                                 padx=5, 
                                 column=number_of_positions + 1)
    Label(root, text="p").grid(row=row, 
                               padx=5, 
                               column=number_of_positions + 2)
    # dummy label for distance:
    Label(root, text="         ").grid(row=row,  
                                       column=number_of_positions + 3)


    row += 1
    # vertical dummy label for distance:
    Label(root, text="             ").grid(row=row,  
                                       column=0,
                       columnspan=5)

    for guess in guesses:
      guessed_colours = guess[0]
      col_count = 0
      row += 1
      for c in guessed_colours:
         print(guessed_colours[col_count])
         l = Label(root, text="    ", bg=guessed_colours[col_count])
         l.grid(row=row,column=col_count,  sticky=W, padx=2)
         col_count += 1
      # evaluation:
      for i in (0,1):
        l = Label(root, text=str(guess[1][i]))
        l.grid(row=row,column=col_count + i + 1, padx=2)



if __name__ == "__main__":
   colours = ["red","green","blue","yellow","orange","pink"]
   guesses = []                
   number_of_positions = 4

   permutation_iterator = all_colours(colours, number_of_positions)
   current_colour_choices = next(permutation_iterator)

   new_guess = (current_colour_choices, (0,0) )

   row_offset = 1
   root = Tk()
   root.title("Mastermind")
   root["padx"] = 30
   root["pady"] = 20   

   entryLabel = Label(root)
   entryLabel["text"] = "Completely Correct:"
   entryLabel.grid(row=row_offset, 
                sticky=E,
                padx=5, 
                column=number_of_positions + 4)
   entryWidget_both = Entry(root)
   entryWidget_both["width"] = 5
   entryWidget_both.grid(row=row_offset, column=number_of_positions + 5)

   entryLabel = Label(root)
   entryLabel["text"] = "Wrong Position:"
   entryLabel.grid(row=row_offset+1, 
                sticky=E, 
                padx=5,
                column= number_of_positions + 4)
   entryWidget_only_colours = Entry(root)
   entryWidget_only_colours["width"] = 5
   entryWidget_only_colours.grid(row=row_offset+1, column=number_of_positions + 5)



   submit_button = Button(root, text="Submit", command=new_evaluation_tk)
   submit_button.grid(row=4,column=number_of_positions + 4)

   quit_button = Button(root, text="Quit", command=root.quit)
   quit_button.grid(row=4,column=number_of_positions + 5)
   show_current_guess(current_colour_choices)


   root.mainloop()

譯者注: 不打算翻譯這篇文章中提到的那篇進階教程了...

全系列:
[譯][Tkinter 教程01] 入門: Label 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程02] Message 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程03] Button 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程04] Variable 類
[譯][Tinkter 教程05] Radiobutton 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程06] Checkbox 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程07] Entry 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程08] Canvas 圖形繪制
[譯][Tkinter 教程09] Scale 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程10] Text 控件
[譯][Tkinter 教程11] 對話框和消息框
[譯][Tkinter 教程12] 布局管理 (Pack Place Grid)
[譯][Tkinter 教程13] Mastermind 游戲
[譯][Tkinter 教程14] menu 菜單
[譯][Tkinter 教程15] event 事件綁定

譯者水平有限, 如有疏漏, 歡迎指正.
已獲得原作者授權. 原文地址: Mastermind in TK.